Liquid crystalline systems containing Vitamin E TPGS for the controlled transdermal nicotine delivery

Transdermal nicotine patches have been used in smoking cessation therapy, suggested for the treatment of skin disorders with eosinophilic infiltration and have been found to improve attention performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-associated memory impairment. However, skin irritation with extended patch use is still a problem. The aim of this work was to develop a simple to prepare liquid crystalline system containing vitamin E TPGS that would be able to control nicotine delivery and reduce irritation and sensitization problems. The liquid crystalline phases were macroscopically characterized by visual analysis and examined microscopically under a polarized light microscope. Topical and transdermal delivery of nicotine were investigated in vitro using porcine ear skin mounted on a Franz diffusion cell. Nicotine skin permeation from the developed cubic phase followed zero-order kinetics (r = 0.993) and was significantly enhanced after 12 h when compared to the control formulation (nicotine solution) (p < 0.05) (138.86 ± 20.44 and 64.91 ± 4.06 μg/cm2, respectively). Cubic phase was also able to target viable skin layers in comparison to control solution (8.18 ± 1.89 and 2.63 ± 2.51 μg/cm2, respectively). Further studies to evaluate skin sensitization and irritation are now necessary.Adesivos transdérmicos de nicotina são utilizados para cessação de fumar, tratamento de problemas de pele com infiltração de eosinófilos e para melhorar a atenção em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e enfraquecimento da memória associada à idade. No entanto, a irritação da pele com o uso prolongado dos adesivos ainda é um problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver sistema líquido cristalino (SLC) de preparo simples contendo vitamina E TPGS capaz de controlar a liberação de nicotina e reduzir os problemas de irritação cutânea. Os SLCs foram caracterizados por análise visual e microscopia de luz polarizada. As administrações tópica e transdérmica de nicotina foram investigadas in vitro utilizando pele de orelha de porco em célula de difusão de Franz. A permeação da nicotina veiculada pela fase cúbica desenvolvida seguiu cinética de ordem zero (r = 0,993) e foi significativamente maior do que o controle (solução de nicotina) após 12 h (p < 0,05) (138,86 ± 20,44 e 64,91 ± 4,06 µg/cm2, respectivamente). A fase cúbica também promoveu aumento da penetração de nicotina nas camadas viáveis da pele quando comparado ao controle (8,18 ± 1,89 e 2,63 ± 2,51 µg/cm2, respectivamente). Estudos futuros para avaliar a sensibilização e irritação da pele são necessários

Assessment of in vitro methodologies to determine topical and transdermal delivery of the flavonoid quercetin

To be effective against the oxidative damages induced by UVB irradiation in the skin, the drug needs to release from the formulation in which it was incorporated and reach the skin layers where the ROS are generated. Thus, it is very important the development of a robust and sensitive methodology to extract and quantify in different skin layers the antioxidant agent delivered from topical formulations. Therefore, in the present work suitable methods to extract and quantify quercetin in skin samples and receptor phase after in vitro penetration studies were developed. The results demonstrated that the recovery from two different layers of skin, the SC and [E+D], using two different methods of quantification (DPPH• assay and HPLC, respectively), was 93.8 % when the quercetin spiked dose was 50 µg/mL, 100.4 % when it was 100 µg/mL and 89.9 % for 250 µg/mL and the average recovery of the quercetin extraction from receptor phase when dichloromethane was used as extractor solvent was 96%. These results demonstrate that the described methods have a potential application to in vitro skin penetration studies of quercetin, since it showed to be accurate and sensitive.Para ser efetiva contra os danos oxidativos induzidos pela radiação UVB na pele, é necessário que o ativo seja liberado da formulação na qual foi incorporado e alcance as camadas da pele onde são geradas as EROS. Desta forma, torna-se de grande importância o desenvolvimento de métodos eficazes e sensíveis para extrair e quantificar, nas diferentes camadas de pele, o agente antioxidante liberado de formulações tópicas. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos adequados para extrair e quantificar a quercetina em amostras de pele e na fase receptora após estudos de penetração cutânea in vitro. Os resultados demonstraram que a recuperação das camadas de pele, EC e [E+D], quando do uso de duas diferentes metodologias de quantificação (ensaio de DPPH• e CLAE, respectivamente), foi de 93,8 % quando aplicada uma dose de 50 µg/mL de quercetina, 100,4 % para 100 µg/mL e 89,9 % para 250 µg/mL e a recuperação média da extração da quercetina da fase receptora, quando do emprego de diclorometano como solvente extrator, foi de 96 %. Tais resultados demonstram que os métodos descritos têm grande potencial de aplicação em estudos de penetração in vitro já que apresentaram exatidão e sensibilidade.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Photochemoprotective effect of quercetin incorporated in microemulsion against skin damages induced by ultraviolet irradiation

A exposição à radiação ultravioleta (RUV) pode provocar desequilíbrio no balanço oxidante/antioxidante da pele, causando prejuízos à sua integridade e levando a diversas alterações, entre as quais o envelhecimento precoce e o câncer de pele. Considerando a estreita relação entre o aumento do estresse oxidativo e os efeitos danosos causados pela RUV na pele, aliado ao fato de que estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que o uso de protetores ou bloqueadores solares não é completamente efetivo na prevenção dos diversos malefícios causados pela exposição à RUV, o uso de antioxidantes aparece como importante alternativa nas terapias de fotoproteção. A administração tópica de antioxidantes, como a quercetina, poderia afetar as alterações moleculares desencadeadas pela RUV e conseqüentemente as seqüelas biológicas e clínicas resultantes das mesmas. Desta forma, na presente pesquisa, sistema microemulsionado para a liberação cutânea de quercetina foi obtido, caracterizado e avaliado quanto a sua capacidade em promover maior penetração cutânea deste ativo, estabilidade, segurança e eficácia in vivo contra os danos na pele causados pela exposição à RUV. Além disso, o efeito da quercetina contra diferentes alterações moleculares induzidas pela RUV foi também avaliado, com o objetivo de investigar os possíveis mecanismos de ação fotoprotetora deste flavonóide. Os resultados demonstram que a incorporação da quercetina em sistema microemulsionado aumentou a penetração cutânea in vitro e in vivo deste flavonóide sem causar irritação, sendo, portanto, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a liberação tópica da quercetina. O estudo de estabilidade demonstra a necessidade de armazenamento deste sistema a 4°C para manutenção de sua funcionalidade. A microemulsão contendo quercetina inibiu a depleção do antioxidante endógeno GSH, assim como o aumento da atividade/secreção de proteinases e da atividade da MPO, induzidos pela exposição à RUVB. O pré-tratamento de queratinócitos com quercetina não alterou a indução pela RUV das MAP quinases, conseqüentemente não houve inibição na elevação dos níveis de c-Jun e c-Fos, assim como no aumento da produção das MMPs 1 e 3, mas por outro lado foi efetivo contra o aumento na produção das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-. Finalmente, demonstrou-se que a ação fotoprotetora da quercetina contra os danos na pele causados pela RUV é mediada principalmente pela inibição da via de sinalização do NF-kB, uma vez que, enquanto o pré-tratamento de queratinócitos com quercetina diminuiu a ativação deste fator de transcrição, nenhum efeito contra a indução da via de sinalização da AP-1 foi observado. Concluindo, este trabalho sugere a incorporação da quercetina em sistema microemulsionado como estratégia relevante no combate ao aparecimento de desordens cutâneas causadas pela exposição à RUV, além de contribuir para a elucidação, pelo menos em parte, do mecanismo de ação fotoprotetora da quercetina contra alterações moleculares induzidas pela RUV.The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposition may lead to the skin oxidant/antioxidant imbalance injuring its integrity and leading to several disorders, such as ageing and skin cancer. Considering the close relationship between the increase in oxidative stress and UV-induced skin damages, together with the fact that epidemiological studies indicate that the use of sunscreen and sun block are not completely effective in preventing UV-induced damages, the use of antioxidants arises as an important approach to photoprotection therapies. The topical use of antioxidants, such as quercetin, would affect the molecular changes induced by UV and subsequent biological and clinical sequela. Therefore, in the present study, microemulsion system for topical delivery of quercetin was obtained, characterized and evaluated with regards to its capability to increase skin penetration of quercetin, stability, toxicity and in vivo effectiveness against UV-induced skin damages. Moreover, quercetin effect against different UV-induced molecular changes was also assessed, in order to investigate the possible photoprotective mechanisms of action of this flavonoid. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of quercetin into microemulsion increased the in vitro and in vivo skin penetration of this flavonoid without causing skin irritation, being an important strategy to improve the topical delivery of quercetin. The stability study demonstrate the necessity to storage this system at 4°C to maintain its functionality. The microemulsion containing quercetin inhibited the depletion of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, as well as the increase in proteinases activity/secretion and MPO activity induced by UVB irradiation exposure. The pretreatment of keratinocytes with quercetin had no blocking effect on UV activation of MAP kinases, consequently, there was no inhibition in the c-Jun and c-Fos levels, as well as in the induction of MMPs 1 and 3, on the other hand, it was effective against the increase in the production of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-. Finally, it was demonstrated that the photoprotective action of quercetin against UV-induced skin damages is mediated mainly by suppression of NF-kB signaling pathway, once, while the pretreatment of keratinocytes with quercetin suppressed the activation of this transcription factor, no effect was observed against UV-induced AP-1 activation. In conclusion, the present study suggests the incorporation of quercetin into microemulsion system as a relevant strategy to prevent UV-induced skin disorders, and contribute, at least in part, to the elucidation of quercetin photoprotective mechanism of action against UV-induced molecular changes

Oral and nasal vaccination: current prospects, challenges, and impact of nanotechnology-based delivery systems

Abstract Currently, mucosal vaccine administration has stood out as an easier and non-invasive application method. It can also be used to induce local and systemic immune responses. In the COVID-19 pandemic context, nasal and oral vaccines have been developed based on different technological platforms. This review addressed relevant aspects of mucosal vaccine administration, with emphasis on oral and nasal vaccinations, in addition to the importance of using nanotechnology-based delivery systems to enable these strategies

Liquid crystalline systems containing Vitamin E TPGS for the controlled transdermal nicotine delivery

ABSTRACT Transdermal nicotine patches have been used in smoking cessation therapy, suggested for the treatment of skin disorders with eosinophilic infiltration and have been found to improve attention performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-associated memory impairment. However, skin irritation with extended patch use is still a problem. The aim of this work was to develop a simple to prepare liquid crystalline system containing vitamin E TPGS that would be able to control nicotine delivery and reduce irritation and sensitization problems. The liquid crystalline phases were macroscopically characterized by visual analysis and examined microscopically under a polarized light microscope. Topical and transdermal delivery of nicotine were investigated in vitro using porcine ear skin mounted on a Franz diffusion cell. Nicotine skin permeation from the developed cubic phase followed zero-order kinetics (r = 0.993) and was significantly enhanced after 12 h when compared to the control formulation (nicotine solution) (p < 0.05) (138.86 ± 20.44 and 64.91 ± 4.06 μg/cm2, respectively). Cubic phase was also able to target viable skin layers in comparison to control solution (8.18 ± 1.89 and 2.63 ± 2.51 μg/cm2, respectively). Further studies to evaluate skin sensitization and irritation are now necessary

In Situ Gelling Liquid Crystalline System as Local siRNA Delivery System

An effective short interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system protects the siRNA from degradation, facilitates its cellular uptake, and promotes its release into the cytoplasm. Local administration of siRNA presents advantages over systemic administration, such as the possibility to use lower doses and allow local and sustained release. In this context, in situ solidifying organogels based on monoglycerides (MO), polyethylenimine (PEI), propylene glycol (PG) and tris buffer are an attractive strategy for intratumoral delivery of siRNA. In this study, precursor fluid formulation (PFF) composed of MO/PEI/PG/tris buffer at 7.85:0.65:76.5:15 (w/w/w/w) was used to deliver siRNA to tumor cells. The internal structure of the gel obtained from PFF was characterized using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In addition, its ability to complex siRNA, protect it from degradation, and functionally deliver it to tumor cells was investigated. Moreover, in vivo gel formation following intratumoral injection was evaluated. The gel formed in excess water from PFF was found to comprise a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases. The system was able to complex high amounts of siRNA, protect it from degradation, promote siRNA internalization, and induce gene silencing in vitro in a variety of tumor cell lines. Moreover, a gel formed in situ following intratumoral injection in a murine xenograft model. In conclusion, PFF is a potential delivery system for local and sustained delivery of siRNA to tumor tissue after intratumoral administration

An in situ gelling liquid crystalline system based on monoglycerides and polyethylenimine for local delivery of siRNAs

The development of delivery systems able to complex and release siRNA into the cytosol is essential for therapeutic use of siRNA. Among the delivery systems, local delivery has advantages over systemic administration. In this study, we developed and characterized non-viral carriers to deliver siRNA locally, based on polyethylenimine (PEI) as gene carrier, and a self-assembling drug delivery system that forms a gel in situ. Liquid crystalline formulations composed of monoglycerides (MO), PEI, propylene glycol (PG) and 0.1 M Tris buffer pH 6.5 were developed and characterized by polarized light microscopy, Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), for their ability to form inverted type liquid crystalline phases (LC2) in contact with excess water, water absorption capacity, ability to complex with siRNA and siRNA release. In addition, gel formation in vivo was determined by subcutaneous injection of the formulations in mice. In water excess, precursor fluid formulations rapidly transformed into a viscous liquid crystalline phase. The presence of PEI influences the liquid crystalline structure of the LC2 formed and was crucial for complexing siRNA. The siRNA was released from the crystalline phase complexed with PEI. The release rate was dependent on the rate of water uptake. The formulation containing MO/PEI/PG/Tris buffer at 7.85:0.65:76.5:15 (w/w/w/w) complexed with 10 μM of siRNA, characterized as a mixture of cubic phase (diamond-type) and inverted hexagonal phase (after contact with excess water), showed sustained release for 7 days in vitro. In mice, in situ gel formation occurred after subcutaneous injection of the formulations, and the gels were degraded in 30 days. Initially a mild inflammatory process occurred in the tissue surrounding the gel; but after 14 days the tissue appeared normal. Taken together, this work demonstrates the rational development of an in situ gelling formulation for local release of siRNA